| Diversity of Texts in Canon Around the World | |||||||||||
| Book | Present-Day Protestant Bible | Present-Day Roman Catholic Bible | Present-Day Ethiopian Bible | Present-Day Eastern Orthodox Bible | 1611 KJV | Greek Septuagint | Masoretic | Dead Sea Scrolls | Oldest Existing Manuscript | Text/Manuscript Language | Original Composition Date |
| Genesis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Exodus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Leviticus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Numbers | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Deuteronomy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Joshua | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Judges | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 1 Samuel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 2 Samuel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 1 Kings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 2 Kings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Isaiah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Jeremiah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Ezekiel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Hosea | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Joel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Amos | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Obadiah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Jonah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Micah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Nahum | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Habakkuk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Zephaniah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Haggai | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Zechariah | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Malachi | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Psalms | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Proverbs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Job | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Song of Solomon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Ruth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Lamentations | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Ecclesiastes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Esther | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Daniel | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Matthew | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Mark | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Luke | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| John | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| The Acts | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Romans | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1 Corinthians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 2 Corinthians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Galatians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Ephesians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Philippians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Colossians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1 Thessalonians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 2 Thessalonians | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1 Timothy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 2 Timothy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Titus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Philemon | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Hebrews | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| James | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1 Peter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 2 Peter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1 John | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 2 John | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 3 John | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Jude | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Revelation | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| 1st Ezra or “Ezra” (1 Esdras) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| 2nd Ezra (Commonly called Nehemiah) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Undetermined | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 4th Ezra (2nd Esdras, Apocalypse of Ezra) | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Codex Sangermanensis I | Latin | 822 CE |
| 1 Chronicles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| 2 Chronicles | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Leningrad Codex | Hebrew Masoretic Text | 1008-1009 CE |
| Tobit (Tobias) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Judith | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Wisdom of Solomon | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Baruch | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Undetermined | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| 1 Maccabees | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 134-100 BCE |
| 2 Maccabees | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Greek | 150-70 BCE |
| 3 Maccabees | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| 4 Maccabees | No | No | No | Sometimes | No | Yes | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| Esther (With CEditions; Esther 10:4-16:24) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Prayer of Azariah (Daniel CEditions) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Undetermined | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Song of the Three Holy Children (Daniel CEditions) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Undetermined | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Susanna and the Elders (Daniel CEditions) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Undetermined | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Bel and the Dragon (Daniel CEditions) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Undetermined | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Prayer of Manasseh | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes, Fragments | Syriac Manuscripts | Greek | 2nd Century BCE |
| Psalm 151 | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| Letter of Jeremiah | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes, Fragments | Codex Vaticanus | Koine Greek | 325-350 CE |
| Psalms of Solomon | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| The Rule of the Community | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| The War Scroll | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| The Temple Scroll | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| The Copper Scroll | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| 1 Enoch | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Aramaic | 200 BCE – 100 BCE |
| 2 Enoch | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Slavonic Manuscripts | Old Church Slavonic | 14th Century CE |
| 3 Enoch | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Hebrew Manuscripts | Hebrew | 10th-11th Century CE |
| Jubilees | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 100 BCE |
| The Damascus Document | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| Thanksgiving Hymns | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| Pesher Habakkuk | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| Pesher Isaiah | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Dead Sea Scrolls | Hebrew | 150 BCE – 50 CE |
| Book of the Covenant | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| Abba Elias (Pseudo-Ezekiel) | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| Enqulal Fabricius (Pseudo-Jeremiah) | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| Joseph and Aseneth | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Greek Manuscripts | Koine Greek | 1000-1100 CE |
| Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopic and Greek Manuscripts | Ge’ez / Greek | 300-400 CE |
| Josippon | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Hebrew Manuscripts | Hebrew | 900-1000 CE |
| Shepherd of Hermas | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Codex Sinaiticus | Koine Greek | 330-360 CE |
| Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Greek Manuscripts | Koine Greek | 400-500 CE |
| Apocalypse of Peter | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Akhmim Codex | Koine Greek | 700-800 CE |
| Acts of Clement | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| Book of Clement | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 400-440 CE |
| Books Covenant | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| Didascalia | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Syriac Manuscripts | Syriac | 400-500 CE |
| Books of Sinodos of the Apostles | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| Book of Post Apostolic Sinodos | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopian Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 1400-1600 CE |
| First Book of CEam and Eve | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopic Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 500-900 CE |
| Second Book of CEam and Eve | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Ethiopic Manuscripts | Ge’ez | 500-900 CE |
| Book of Jasher | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Rabbinic Hebrew Manuscripts | Hebrew | 1200-1600 CE |
| 1st Clement | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 96 CE |
| 2nd Clement | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Codex Alexandrinus | Koine Greek | 120-140 CE |
Books Considered in this Study
Books Outside of the Protestant Canon included in this study as reliable Scripture
- Baruch [1st Baruch]
- 2nd Baruch [Apocalypse of Baruch]
- Testament of Reuben
- Testament of Simeon
- Testament of Levi
- Testament of Judah
- Testament of Issachar
- Testament of Zebulun
- Testament of Dan
- Testament of Naphtali
- Testament of Gad
- Testament of Asher
- Testament of Joseph
- Testament of Benjamin
- Testament of Aaron
- Testament of Kohath
- Testament of Noah
- 1 Enoch
- Jubilees
- Tobit
- Sirach [Ecclesiasticus]
- Wisdom of Solomon [Book of Wisdom]
- 1 Esdras
- 2 Esdras [4th Ezra]
- Apocalypse of Abraham
- Judith
- Letter of Jeremiah
- Prayer of Azariah
Books included in this Study that should be considered with caution
- 1 Maccabees (Historically Accurate)
- 2 Maccabees (Historically Accurate)
- 3 Maccabees (Historically Accurate)
- 4 Maccabees (Historically Accurate)
- Jashar
- The Didache
- Epistle to the Corinthians of Clement of Rome
- Irenaeus of Lyons Against Heresies, Book 1
- Book of Natsarim
Support for the Dead Sea Scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), dating from the third century BCE to the first century CE, are among the oldest known biblical manuscripts and were discovered only recently in the mid-20th century. This recent discovery ensures they could not have been manipulated, unlike many other text sources. Within the DSS, every book found in the ‘Canon of Sixty-Six’ except the Book of Esther. A leading theory, shared by Jewish Philosophers such as Rachel Elior suggest this is because the Book of Esther is the only book in the Tanakh that has no reference to “God”.
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Other Notes
o 900 Manuscripts from 11 caves
o Discovered in 1947 by a young Bedouin shepherd named Muhammad edh-Dhib
o The Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex dating to the 10th century CE were the oldest manuscripts known until the DSS were found. The DSS predate these manuscripts by nearly 1000 years.
Septuagint vs. Masoretic
The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible, and subsequently what most Protestant and Catholic bibles are translated from. The Masoretic text was compiled and preserved by Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries CE. The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures and was translated in the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE for the Jewish community in Alexandria, Egypt, who spoke Greek. Tradition holds that it is called the “Septuagint” because of the seventy Jewish elders whose job it was to complete the translation.
*
For the purposes in comparing texts I will use the New American Standard Bible (NASB) and Brenton’s Translation of the Septuagint (Brenton’s Septuagint, LXX) to illustrate the changes in the translation over the course of roughly 1150 years.
*
The order of verses differs between the translations as well. In the case of Jeremiah, the Hebrew text underlying the Septuagint was shorter and had a different arrangement of chapters and verses. The LXX version of Jeremiah is approximately 15-20% shorter than the Masoretic Text, with significant differences in the order of passages, resulting in whole sections being rearranged.
Differences in Septuagint and Masoretic
Amos 6:3 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Do you put off the day of calamity, And would you bring near the seat of violence?
Genesis 4:8 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)And Cain said to Abel his brother, Let us go out into the plain; and it came to pass that when they were in the plain Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.
The Septuagint includes a dialogue between Cain and Abel before the murder, which is absent in the Masoretic Text.
Deuteronomy 32:43 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)“Rejoice, O nations, with His people; For He will avenge the blood of His servants, And will render vengeance on His adversaries, And will atone for His land and His people.”
Isaiah 7:14 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; behold, a virgin shall conceive in the womb, and shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name Emmanuel.
Difference: The Septuagint translates the Hebrew word (almah [alef-lamed-mem-heh) as “virgin,” while the Masoretic Text translates it as “young woman.” This difference is significant in Christian theology, especially regarding the prophecy of Jesus’ birth.
Exodus 1:5 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)All the persons who came from the loins of Jacob were seventy in number, but Joseph was already in Egypt.
Psalm 22:16 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)For many dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked doers has beset me round: they pierced my hands and my feet.
The Septuagint has “they pierced my hands and feet,” which is often seen as a messianic prophecy by Christians, while the Masoretic Text reads “like a lion,” which seems more ambiguous in meaning.
First Samuel 17:4 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Then a champion came out from the armies of the Philistines named Goliath, from Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span.
Genesis 4:8 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Cain told Abel his brother. And it came about when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and killed him.
Amos 6:3 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)Ye who are approaching the evil day, who are drawing near and adopting false sabbaths;
In the Septuagint, “Sabbaths” are described yet no mention of Sabbath is found in the Masoetic.
Isaiah 7:14 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)“Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, a virgin will be with child and bear a son, and she will call His name Immanuel.
Deuteronomy 32:43 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)Rejoice, ye heavens, with him, and let all the angels of God worship him; rejoice ye Gentiles, with his people, and let all the sons of God strengthen themselves in him; for he will avenge the blood of his sons, and he will render vengeance, and recompense justice to his enemies, and will reward them that hate him; and the Lord shall purge the land of his people.
The Septuagint includes extra references to “angels of God” and “sons of God” worshiping, which are missing in the Masoretic Text.
Exodus 1:5 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)But Joseph was in Mizraim. And all the souls [born] of Jacob were seventy-five.
The number of people who went to Egypt with Jacob is 75 in the Septuagint, while the Masoretic Text lists 70. This difference is referenced in Acts 7:14 in the New Testament, where Stephen quotes the LXX.
Psalm 22:16 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)For dogs have surrounded me; A band of evildoers has encompassed me; They pierced my hands and my feet.
First Samuel 17:4 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)And there went forth a mighty man out of the army of the Philistines, Goliath, by name, out of Gath, his height [was] four cubits and a span.
In the Septuagint, Goliath’s height is described as about 6.5 feet (four cubits and a span), while in the Masoretic Text, he is described as 9.5 feet tall (six cubits and a span).
Peter quotes the Septuagint
The quotes from Peter align more closely to the older Septuagint text than the younger Masoretic based text.
Exodus 19:6 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)and you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the sons of Israel.”
Exodus 19:6 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)And ye shall be to me a royal priesthood and a holy nation: these words shalt thou speak to the children of Israel.
First Peter 1:24 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)For, “ALL FLESH IS LIKE GRASS, AND ALL ITS GLORY LIKE THE FLOWER OF GRASS. THE GRASS WITHERS, AND THE FLOWER FALLS OFF,
First Peter 2:9 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)But you are A CHOSEN RACE, A royal PRIESTHOOD, A HOLY NATION, A PEOPLE FOR God’s OWN POSSESSION, so that you may proclaim the excellencies of Him who has called you out of darkness into His marvelous light;
First Peter 4:18 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)AND IF IT IS WITH DIFFICULTY THAT THE RIGHTEOUS IS SAVED, WHAT WILL BECOME OF THE GODLESS MAN AND THE SINNER?
Isaiah 40:6 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)A voice says, “Call out.” Then he answered, “What shall I call out?” All flesh is grass, and all its loveliness is like the flower of the field.
Isaiah 40:6 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)The voice of one saying, Cry; and I said, What shall I cry? All flesh is grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass:
Proverbs 11:31 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)If the righteous scarcely be saved, where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear?
Proverbs 11:31 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)If the righteous will be rewarded in the earth, How much more the wicked and the sinner!
Studying from Noncanonical Books
Comparison of the death of Cain
Jashar 2:26-28 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And Lemek was old and advanced in years, and his eyes were dim that he could not see, and Tubal Qayin, his son, was leading him and it was one day that Lemek went into the field and Tubal Qayin his son was with him, and while they were walking in the field, Qayin the son of Adam advanced toward them; for Lemek was very old and could not see much, and Tubal Qayin his son was very young. And Tubal Qayin told his father to draw his bow, and with his arrow he smote Qayin, who was yet far off, and he slew him, for he appeared to them to be an animal. And the arrows entered Qayin’s body although he was distant from them, and he fell to the ground and died.
Jubilees 4:31-32 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)At the close of this jubilee Cain was killed after him in the same year; for his house fell upon him and he died in the midst of his house, and he was killed by its stones; for with a stone he had killed Abel, and by a stone was he killed in righteous judgment. For this reason it was ordained on the heavenly tablets: With the instrument with which a man kills his neighbour with the same shall he be killed; after the manner that he wounded him, in like manner shall they deal with him.’
Comparison of the death of Esau
The story of Esau’s death is described differently depending on your source text:
Jubilees Chapter 38 describes how Esau was killed by Jacob’s bow.
Testament of Judah, Section 9 describes how Esau was killed by Jacob’s bow.
Sotah 13a (Talmud) describes Hushim (Chushiym), the son of Dan, killing Esau with a club.
Jashar describes Hushim (Chushiym), the son of Dan, killing Esau with a sword.
Jashar 56:63-65 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))Then he asked, saying, Why do you not bury the dead? And what is this great consternation? And they answered him the word of Esau and his sons. And he ran to Esau in the midst of the battle, and slew Esau with a sword, and cut off his head, and it sprang to a distance, and he saw fell amongst the people of the battle. And when Chushiym did this thing the sons of Ya’aqov prevailed over the sons of Esau, and the sons of Ya’aqov buried their father Isaac Ya’aqov by force in the cave, and the sons of Esau beheld it.
Jubilees 38:1-2 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)And after that Judah spake to Jacob, his father, and said unto him: ‘Bend thy bow, father, and send forth thy arrows and cast down the adversary and slay the enemy; and mayst thou have the power, for we shall not slay thy brother, for he is such as thou, and he is like thee let us give him (this) honour.’ Then Jacob bent his bow and sent forth the arrow and struck Esau, his brother (on his right breast) and slew him.
Sotah 13:1 (The Talmud)Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: When our forefather Jacob died, all of the children of Esau came to the cave of Machpelah to dispute the burial of Jacob, as Esau prevented them from burying Jacob in the cave of Machpelah. Esau said to them: Mamre, Kiryat Arba, it is Hebron, only three couples are destined to be buried in the cave: Adam and Eve, Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah. Jacob had buried Leah in his place, and therefore, Jacob has no more burial rights in the cave.
Testament of Judah 9:1 (RHCVKJ, R.H. Charles Translation, Edited by Ken Johnson, Th.D.)For 18 years after we came from Laban in Mesopotamia, we and our father lived in peace with his brother Esau and his sons. After this, in the 40th year of my life, Esau came against us with many strong people. He fell by the bow of Jacob and was taken up dead in Mount Sier.
Comparison of the selling of Joseph
Discrepancy over the amount of money Joseph was sold for
Genesis 37:28 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Then some Midianite traders passed by, so they pulled him up and lifted Joseph out of the pit, and sold him to the Ishmaelites for twenty shekels of silver. Thus they brought Joseph into Egypt.
Jashar 42:28 (MST, Moses Samuel Translation)And some of the Midianite merchants went by, and they drew and lifted Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver, and they brought Joseph into Egypt.
Testament of Gad 2:1 (RHCVKJ, R.H. Charles Translation, Edited by Ken Johnson, Th.D.)If I had the chance, I would2 have killed him. Therefore Judah and I sold him to the Ishmaelites for thirty pieces of gold.
Comparison of the Temptation of Eve
First Enoch 69:6 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)their bodies with the daughters of men. And the third was named Gâdreêl: he it is who showed the children of men all the blows of death, and he led astray Eve, and showed [the weapons of death to the sons of men] the shield and the coat of mail, and the sword for battle, and all the weapons
Genesis 3:1-6 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Now the serpent was more crafty than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said to the woman, “Indeed, has God said, ‘You shall not eat from any tree of the garden’?” The woman said to the serpent, “From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat; but from the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, ‘You shall not eat from it or touch it, or you will die.’” the serpent said to the woman, “You surely will not die! “For God knows that in the day you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.” When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was desirable to make one wise, she took from its fruit and ate; and she gave also to her husband with her, and he ate.
Jubilees 3:17-28 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)And after the completion of the seven years, which he had completed there, seven years exactly, [8 A.M.] and in the second month, on the seventeenth day (of the month), the serpent came and approached the woman, and the serpent said to the woman, ‘Hath God commanded you, saying, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?’ And she said to it, ‘Of all the fruit of the trees of the garden God hath said unto us, Eat; but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden God hath said unto us, Ye shall not eat thereof, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.’ And the serpent said unto the woman, ‘Ye shall not surely die: for God doth know that on the day ye shall eat thereof, your eyes will be opened, and ye will be as gods, and ye will know good and evil. And the woman saw the tree that it was agreeable and pleasant to the eye, and that its fruit was good for food, and she took thereof and eat. And when she had first covered her shame with figleaves, she gave thereof to Adam and he eat, and his eyes were opened, and he saw that he was naked. And he took figleaves and sewed (them) together, and made an apron for himself, and ,covered his shame. And God cursed the serpent, and was wroth with it for ever . . . And He was wroth with the woman, because she harkened to the voice of the serpent, and did eat; and He said unto her: ‘I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy pains: in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children, and thy return shall be unto thy husband, and he will rule over thee.’ And to Adam also he said, ‘ Because thou hast harkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree of which I commanded thee that thou shouldst not eat thereof, cursed be the ground for thy sake: thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat thy bread in the sweat of thy face, till thou returnest to the earth from whence thou wast taken; for earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return.’ And He made for them coats of skin, and clothed them, and sent them forth from the Garden of Eden. And on that day on which Adam went forth from the Garden, he offered as a sweet savour an offering, frankincense, galbanum, and stacte, and spices in the morning with the rising of the sun from the day when he covered his shame. And on that day was closed the mouth of all beasts, and of cattle, and of birds, and of whatever walks, and of whatever moves, so that they could no longer speak: for they had all spoken one with another with one lip and with one tongue.
Interesting claims given in First Enoch
First Enoch 7:1-3 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)And all the others together with them took unto themselves wives, and each chose for himself one, and they began to go in unto them and to defile themselves with them, and they taught them charms and enchantments, and the cutting of roots, and made them acquainted with plants. And they became pregnant, and they bare great giants, whose height was three thousand ells: Who consumed
References to Enoch in modern canon
First Enoch 10:11-12 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)that each one of them will live five hundred years.’ And the Lord said unto Michael: ‘Go, bind Semjâzâ and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is
First Enoch 15:6-7 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)children by them, that thus nothing might be wanting to them on earth. But you were formerly spiritual, living the eternal life, and immortal for all generations of the world. And therefore I have not appointed wives for you; for as for the spiritual ones of the heaven, in heaven is their dwelling.
Jude 1:14-15 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)It was also about these men that Enoch, in the seventh generation from Adam, prophesied, saying, “Behold, the Lord came with many thousands of His holy ones, to execute judgment upon all, and to convict all the ungodly of all their ungodly deeds which they have done in an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him.”
Jude 1:6 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)And angels who did not keep their own domain, but abandoned their proper abode, He has kept in eternal bonds under darkness for the judgment of the great day,
Second Peter 2:4 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to pits of darkness, reserved for judgment;
Matthew 22:25-30 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)“Now there were seven brothers with us; and the first married and died, and having no children left his wife to his brother; so also the second, and the third, down to the seventh. “Last of all, the woman died. “In the resurrection, therefore, whose wife of the seven will she be? For they all had married her.” But Jesus answered and said to them, “You are mistaken, not understanding the Scriptures nor the power of God. “For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven.
This instruction can only be found in the Book of Enoch.
The Testaments of the Patriarchs
Fragments of the Testament of Levi and Testament of Naphtali were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (third century BCE to the first century CE), making them the earliest sources for the “Testaments of the Patriarchs.” An entire set could not be definitively found at the site, however. The earliest known complete manuscripts are the Codex Vaticanus (B), Codex Athous (A), Codex Cryptoferratensis (F), and Codex Marcianus (M), dating to the 10th to 15th centuries. Armenian translations date back to the 13th century. Additionally, there are Slavonic and Latin sources.
Books considered “Scripture”
Exodus
Mark 12:26 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)“But regarding the fact that the dead rise again, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the burning bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ‘I AM THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, and the God of Jacob‘?
Genesis & Deuteronomy
Mark 10:1-9 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Getting up, He went from there to the region of Judea and beyond the Jordan; crowds gathered around Him again, and, according to His custom, He once more began to teach them. Some Pharisees came up to Jesus, testing Him, and began to question Him whether it was lawful for a man to divorce a wife. And He answered and said to them, “What did Moses command you?” They said, “Moses permitted a man TO WRITE A CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE AND SEND her AWAY.” But Jesus said to them, “Because of your hardness of heart he wrote you this commandment. “But from the beginning of creation, God MADE THEM MALE AND FEMALE. “FOR THIS REASON A MAN SHALL LEAVE HIS FATHER AND MOTHER, AND THE TWO SHALL BECOME ONE FLESH; so they are no longer two, but one flesh. “What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate.”
Referencing Deuteronomy 24:1-4
Paul’s letters
Second Peter 3:14-16 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Therefore, beloved, since you look for these things, be diligent to be found by Him in peace, spotless and blameless, and regard the patience of our Lord as salvation; just as also our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given him, wrote to you, as also in all his letters, speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand, which the untaught and unstable distort, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures, to their own destruction.
Jashar
There are three separate copies of the ‘Book of Jashar’ that exist today, each with varying degrees of validity and suspicion.
Sefer haYashar
> First printed in Venice in 1625, though composed around the 13th century
> Most popular version in circulation today
> The longest of the three texts
> A Midrashic work expanding on biblical stories from creation to the Judges
Latin Version
> Emerged during the Renaissance, primarily in the 16th century
> Sometimes called the “Pseudo-Jasher”
> Believed to be a translation of the Hebrew text or derived from similar sources
1751 English Translation
> Published by Jacob Ilive
> Claims to be a translation of an ancient Hebrew manuscript
> Authenticity widely disputed
Support for Jashar
Although it is true that Jashar is referenced in Second Samuel and Joshua, this is not proof that the text that we have today is the actual Book of Jashar. These verse only prove that a Book of Jashar once existed.
Joshua 10:13 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)And the sun and the moon stood still, until God executed vengeance on their enemies; and the sun stood still in the midst of heaven; it did not proceed to set till the end of one day.
No mention of Jashar in the Septuagint
Joshua 10:13 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, Until the nation avenged themselves of their enemies. Is it not written in the Book of Jashar? And the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day.
Second Samuel 1:18 (LXX, Brenton’s Septuagint)And he gave orders to teach it the sons of Juda: behold, it is written in the book of Right.
Second Samuel 1:18 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)and he told them to teach the sons of Judah the song of the bow; behold, it is written in the book of Jashar.
Second Timothy 3:8 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so these men also oppose the truth, men of depraved mind, rejected in regard to the faith.
Jannes and Jambres are not mentioned anywhere in the canon of sixty-six except in Second Timothy but their names do appear in the Book of Jashar. This is not “proof” that the Book of Jashar is legitimate however as a forger may have added those names specifically because they were found in Second Timothy. The story in Second Timothy is referencing the incident in Exodus Chapter Seven however no specific names are given in that chapter.
Errors in Jashar
Genesis 12:4 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)So Abram went forth as the LORD had spoken to him; and Lot went with him. Now Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran.
Jashar 13:5 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))Arise now, take your woman and all of your belonging to you and go to the land of Kena’an and remain there, and I will bless you. And Avram rose and took his woman and all belonging to him, and he went to the land of Kena’an as Yahuah had told him; and Avram was fifty years old when he went from Haran.
Additional plagues in the Book of Jashar
Jashar 80:14 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And Yahuah sent all kinds of fiery serpents, scorpions, mice, weasels, toads, together with others creeping in the dust.
Jashar 80:16 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And all the reptiles and winged animals according to their kind came to Mitsriym, and grieved Mitsriym exceedingly.
Jashar 80:19-21 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And when the Mitsriym hid themselves on account of the swarm of animals, they locked their doors after them, and Elohim ordered the Sulanuth which was in the sea, to come up and go into Mitsriym. And she had long arms, ten cubits in length of the cubit of a man. And she went upon the roofs and uncovered the raftering and flooring and cut them, and stretched forth her arm into the house and removed the lock and the bolt, and opened the houses of Mitsriym.
Interesting claims given in Jashar
Jashar 44:74-75 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And the priests said unto Potiyphar, Send, we pray you, and let them bring before us Yoceph’s torn garment, and let us see the tear in it, and if the tear is in the front of the garment, then his face must have been opposite to her and she must have caught hold of him, to come to her, and with deceit did your woman do all that she has spoken And they brought Yoceph’s garment before the priests who were judges, and they saw and behold the tear was in front of Yoceph, and all the judging priests knew that she had pressed him, and they said, “The judgement of death is not due to this slave for he has done nothing, but his judgement is, that he should be placed in the prison house on account of the report, which through him has gone forth against your woman.
Jashar 72:34-37 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And they wished to choose on that day a man for king from the army of Kikianus, and they found no object of their choice like Mosheh to reign over them. And they hastened and stripped off each man his garments and cast them upon the ground, and they made a great heap and placed Mosheh theron. And they rose up and blew with trumpets and called out before him, and said, May the king live, may the king live! And all the people and nobles swore unto him to give him for a woman Adonyahu the Queen, the Kushiyth, woman of Kikianus, and they made Mosheh king over them on that day.
Jashar 81:40-41 (CPR, Cepher (Modified))And when the children of Yashar’el had entered the sea, the Mitsriym came after them, and the waters of the sea resumed upon them, and they all sank in the water, and not one man was left excepting Phar’oh, who gave thanks to Yahuah and believed in him, therefore Yahuah did not cause him to perish at that time with the Mitsriym. And Yahuah ordered an angel to take him from amongst the Mitsriym.
Jubilees
Jubilees is the sixth most common book found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) and is often found within the same scroll case as Genesis. For this and many other reasons, Jubilees is often referred to as the “little Genesis.” These copies of Jubilees closely match those of the Ethiopic canon with only minor variations. With the Ethiopic canon being kept in Africa and the DSS tucked away in a cave, the fact that there are minor variations gives credence to the text itself and the record-keeping of the Ethiopic people.
Controversial verses in Jubilees
Jubilees 28:6 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)And Laban said to Jacob: ‘It is not so done in our country, to give the younger before the elder.’ And it is not right to do this; for thus it is ordained and written in the heavenly tablets, that no one should give his younger daughter before the elder; but the elder, one gives first and after her the younger -and the man who does so, they set down guilt against him in heaven, and none is righteous that does this thing, for this deed is evil before the Lord.
Jubilees 50:12-13 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)And every man who does any work thereon, or goes a journey, or tills (his) farm, whether in his house or any other place, and whoever lights a fire, or rides on any beast, or travels by ship on the sea, and whoever strikes or kills anything, or slaughters a beast or a bird, or whoever catches an animal or a bird or a fish, or whoever fasts or makes war on the Sabbaths: The man who does any of these things on the Sabbath shall die, so that the children of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths according to the commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land, as it is written in the tablets, which He gave into my hands that I should write out for thee the laws of the seasons, and the seasons according to the division of their days. Herewith is completed the account of the division of the days.
No hunting or fishing on Shabbat
Jubilees 50:7-8 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)Six days shalt thou labour, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God. In it ye shall do no manner of work, ye and your sons, and your men- servants and your maid-servants, and all your cattle and the sojourner also who is with you. And the man that does any work on it shall die: whoever desecrates that day, whoever lies with (his) wife, or whoever says he will do something on it, that he will set out on a journey thereon in regard to any buying or selling: and whoever draws water thereon which he had not prepared for himself on the sixth day, and whoever takes up any burden to carry it out of his tent or out of his house shall die.
No sex on Shabbat
References to laws that can only be found in Jubilees
Jeremiah 17:21-22 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)Thus says the LORD, “Take heed for yourselves, and do not carry any load on the sabbath day or bring anything in through the gates of Jerusalem. “You shall not bring a load out of your houses on the sabbath day nor do any work, but keep the sabbath day holy, as I commanded your forefathers.
Jubilees 2:29-30 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)Declare and say to the children of Israel the law of this day both that they should keep Sabbath thereon, and that they should not forsake it in the error of their hearts; (and) that it is not lawful to do any work thereon which is unseemly, to do thereon their own pleasure, and that they should not prepare thereon anything to be eaten or drunk, and (that it is not lawful) to draw water, or bring in or take out thereon through their gates any burden, which they had not prepared for themselves on the sixth day in their dwellings. And they shall not bring in nor take out from house to house on that day; for that day is more holy and blessed than any jubilee day of the jubilees; on this we kept Sabbath in the heavens before it was made known to any flesh to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth.
Jubilees 50:10-11 (RHCV, R.H. Charles Version)For great is the honour which the Lord has given to Israel that they should eat and drink and be satisfied on this festival day, and rest thereon from all labour which belongs to the labour of the children of men save burning frankincense and bringing oblations and sacrifices before the Lord for days and for Sabbaths. This work alone shall be done on the Sabbath-days in the sanctuary of the Lord your God; that they may atone for Israel with sacrifice continually from day to day for a memorial well-pleasing before the Lord, and that He may receive them always from day to day according as thou hast been commanded.
Matthew 12:5 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)“Or have you not read in the Law, that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath and are innocent?
The Assumption of Moses
The Assumption of Moses, also known as the Testament of Moses, is a Jewish pseudepigraphal work from the first century CE that details the final words and ascension of Moses. It narrates Moses’ prophecies to Joshua about Israel’s future, including periods of apostasy and restoration, and culminates with Moses’ death and his burial by God in an undisclosed location.
*
This text is particularly noted for the tradition involving the archangel Michael and the devil disputing over Moses’ body, a story referenced in Jude 1:9. Some ancient writers, including Gelasius of Cyzicus and Origen, cite the Assumption of Moses when discussing this dispute.
*
Known from fragments and early Christian references, the primary known manuscript of the Assumption of Moses is a single, incomplete Latin text discovered in the Ambrosian Library in Milan in the 19th century. This manuscript is believed to be a translation from an earlier Greek text, which itself was likely translated from a Hebrew or Aramaic original.
Jude 1:9 (NASB, New American Standard Bible)But Michael the archangel, when he disputed with the devil and argued about the body of Moses, did not dare pronounce against him a railing judgment, but said, “The Lord rebuke you!”
The Didache
The Didache translates from Greek as “Teachings” and is most regarded for its teachings on baptism dated to 110CE – 120CE, it is dated to the same time period of many New Testament texts and is considered by many to be written & patterned after the 1QS text found in the Dead Sea Scrolls known as the “Tractate of the Two Ways”.
Eusebius of Caesarea’s Ecclesiastical History 3:25 (Loeb Classical Library Edition)“Not canonical but disputed, yet familiar to most churchmen.”
Analecta 2:64 (Analecta, Latin Edition)“Other books not recognized as canonical, but recommended by our ancestors for reading by those who have recently entered and wish to learn the word of faith.” Thirty-Ninth Easter Letter of Athanasius Alexandria
The Didache is found in the Analecta 2:64 as written by Nikephoros I of Constantinople (758CE – 828CE).
